The Use of Scaffolding on Teaching Process and Students Writing in A Senior High School

AbstrakScaffolding adalah sejenis bantuan yang digunakan untuk membantu menyusun pemahaman siswa, bentuk dukungan dari guru agar tercipta pembelajaran yang efektif. Teorinya adalah ketika siswa diberi dukungan yang mereka butuhkan ketika belajar sesuatu yang baru, mereka memiliki kesempatan yang lebih baik untuk menggunakan pengetahuan itu secara mandiri. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui jenis scaffolding yang digunakan oleh guru, bagaimana scaffolding tersebut diterapkan, dan bagaimana kesesuaian penggunaan scaffolding pada tulisan siswa. Desain penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini adalah tiga puluh enam siswa di kelas X MIPA 4 dan seorang guru bahasa Inggris di SMA Negeri 1 Krian. Data diperoleh dari catatan lapangan, daftar pengamatan, dan tulisan siswa. Hasil dari penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa empat jenis scaffolding ditemukan dalam proses pembelajaran. Langkah-langkah yang diambil oleh guru dalam memberikan scaffolding kepada siswa sesuai dengan apa yang telah direncanakannya. Dari empat jenis scaffolding yang ditemukan, dua diklasifikasikan dalam makro scaffolding dan dua lainnya diklasifikasikan sebagai mikro scaffolding. Scaffolding yang digunakan oleh guru sesuai dengan hasil tulisan siswa.Kata Kunci: Scaffolding, makro-scaffolding, mikro-scaffolding, tulisan siswa. AbstractScaffolding is a kind of assistance used to weave students understanding, support that is actually needs to be required by the teacher in order to maintain effective learning. The theory is when students are given the support they need when learning something new, they stand a better chance of using that knowledge independently. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to find out kinds of scaffolding used by the teacher, how those scaffoldings are implemented, and what effects are given by the use of scaffolding on students writing. The research design used in this study was descriptive qualitative. Thirty six students in the tenth grade of X MIPA 4 and an English teacher in SMA Negeri 1 Krian were the participants. The data were gained from fieldnotes, observation checklist, and students writing products. The result revealed that the four kinds of scaffolding were found in the teaching writing process. The steps taken by the teacher in providing scaffolding to the students in accordance with what she has planned. From four types of scaffolding found, two were classified in macro-scaffolding and two other were classified as micro-scaffolding. Scaffolding used by teachers do correspond with the results of students writings.Keywords: Scaffolding, macro-scaffolding, micro-scaffolding, students’ writing products

Transfusion related acute lung injury--TRALI: an under diagnosed entity

Transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a life-threatening complication of transfusion of blood and its components resembling acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or acute lung injury (ALI). TRALI is a particular form of ARDS that follows blood transfusion and is caused by donor-derived antibodies present in the transfused products, reacting with the recipients\u27 blood cells, inducing release of inflammatory mediators thus compromising lung functions. Anti-HLA antibodies are the most frequently indicted inducers in this category. Literature search has not revealed any documented case of TRALI from Pakistan. This in no way implies that TRALI is non existent in this part of the world but rather indicates that many clinicians may be unaware of the condition or may not recognize transfusion as the cause and like in other parts of the world, is almost certainly under-diagnosed. The lack of agreement on the definite cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the development of TRALI renders the task of improving the safety of blood transfusion far more complex and potentially quite expensive. This review discusses the modern concepts of pathogenesis of TRALI along with its clinicopathological manifestations and management with the aim to improve awareness of our clinicians towards this dreadful and potentially fatal condition

Standing on our own two feet. Higher educational choices, experience and realities among minority women

Invited Keynote for MiRA Resource Centre for Black, Immigrant and Refugee Women, Annual Conference, 2017, Oslo, Norway

Kompetensi Profesional Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam dalam meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa di MA Darul Hikmah Tulungagung

ABSTRAK Kompetensi profesional merupakan kompetensi yang menggambarkan kemampuan seseorang atau keahlian tentang hakikat perilaku guru yang penuh makna. Kompetensi Profesional Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam merupakan kemampuan seorang guru dalam memehami substansi keilmuan dalam bidangnya dan mengetahui struktur metode keilmuan sehingga membantu siswa dalam mengaktualisasikan potensi yang dimilikinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendiskripsikan peran guru profesional dalam meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa di MA Darul Hikmah Tulungagung, mendeskripsikan implementasi kompetensi profesional guru PAI dalam meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa di MA Darul Hikmah Tulungagung, dan mendeskripsikan dampak kompetensi profesional guru PAI dalam meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dengan jenis studi kasus (case study). Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data dilakukan melalui empat tahap yaitu: pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data dan menarik kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: 1) peran guru profesional guru dalam meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa di MA Darul Hikmah Tulungagung dilakakukan guru melalui: a) guru sebagai pendidik, b) guru sebagai pengajar, c) guru sebagai pembimbing.; 2) implementasi kompetensi profesional guru PAI dalam meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa di MA Darul Hikmah Tulungagung mencakup beberapa aspek: 1) perencanaan, 2) strategi guru; yang dilakukan dengan menggunkan beberapa metode yaitu metode ceramah, demontrasi, diskusi, resitasi, dan drill, 3) evaluasi yang meliputi tiga ranah yakni ranah kognitif, afektif, dan psikomotor,;3) dampak kompetensi profesional guru PAI dalam meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa di MA Darul Hikmah Tulungagung berupa dampak yang dirasakan oleh guru setelah menerima supervisi dari kepala sekolah dan dibekali diklat dan mengikuti PPG, hal ini mampu membuat dewan guru sadar akan peran yang ia miliki, kemudian dampak yang dirasakan oleh siswa yaitu dengan adanya penerapan strategi dan metode yang dijalankan oleh guru dapat membuat siswa lebih antusias dalam mengikuti pelajaran dan mempengaruhi minat belajar siswa dengan begitu bisa mendongkrak nilainya dalam pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam. ABSTRACT Professional competence is a competency that describes a person’s ability or expertise regarding the meaningful nature of teacher behavior. The Professional Competence of Islamic Religious Education Teachers is the ability of a teacher to understand scientific substance in his field and know the structure of scientific methods to assist students in actualizing their potential. This study aims to describe the role of teachers professional in improving student achievement at MA Darul Hikmah Tulungagung, describe the implementation of Islamic Religious Education teachers professional competence in improving student achievement at MA Darul Hikmah Tulungagung, and describe the impact of Islamic Religious Education teachers professional competence on improving student achievement. This study uses qualitative research with the type of case study. Collecting data using the method of observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis techniques were carried out through four stages, namely: data collection, data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of this study indicate that: 1) the role of the professional competence of Islamic Religious Education teachers in improving student achievement at MA Darul Hikmah Tulungagung is carried out by teachers through: a) teachers as educators, b) teachers as instructors, c) teachers as mentors; 2) the implementation of the professional competence of Islamic Religious Education teachers in improving student achievement at MA Darul Hikmah Tulungagung includes several aspects: 1) planning, 2) teacher strategy; which is carried out using several methods, namely lecture, demonstration, discussion, recitation, and drill methods, 3) evaluation which includes three domains, namely the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains; 3) the impact of the professional competence of Islamic Religious Education teachers in improving student achievement in MA Darul Hikmah Tulungagung in the form of the impact felt by the teacher after receiving supervision from the school principal and following training teacher, this thing can make the teacher council aware of the role they have, then the impact felt by students, namely by implementing the strategies and methods carried out by the teacher can make students more enthusiasm in taking lessons and influencing students’ interest in learning to boost their value in Islamic Religious Education lessons. مستخلص البحث الكفاءة المهنية هي الكفاءة التي تصف كفاءة الشخص أو براعته حول طبيعة سلوك المعلم الهادف. الكفاءة المهنية لمدرس التربية الإسلامية هي كفاءة المدرس على فهم جوهر العلم في مجاله ومعرفة هيكل المناهج العلمية لمساعدة الطلبة في تحقيق إمكاناتهم. يهدف هذه البحث إلى وصف دور الكفاءة المهنية لمدرس التربية الإسلامية في ترقية إنجاز التعلم لدى الطلبة بمدرسة دار الحكمة الثانوية تولونغ أغونغ، ووصف تنفيذ الكفاءة المهنية لمدرس التربية الإسلامية في ترقية إنجاز التعلم لدى الطلبة بمدرسة دار الحكمة الثانوية تولونغ أغونغ، ووصف تأثير الكفاءة المهنية لمدرس التربية الإسلامية في ترقية إنجاز التعلم لدى الطلبة. استخدم الباحث في هذا البحث بحثًا نوعيًا مع نوع دراسة الحالة. استخدم الباحث ثلاثة أساليب في جمع البيانات هي الملاحظة والمقابلة والتوثيق. تم تنفيذ أسلوب تحليل البيانات من خلال أربع مراحل، وهي: جمع البيانات وتخفيض البيانات وعرض البيانات والخلاصة. استخرجت نتائج هذا البحث كما يلي: ١) دور الكفاءة المهنية لمدرس في ترقية إنجاز التعلم لدى الطلبة بمدرسة دار الحكمة الثانوية تولونغ أغونغ، تم تنفيذ للمعلمين من خلال: أ) المدرس كالمربي، ب) المدرس كالمعلم، ج) المدرس كالمشرف ٢) يحتوي تنفيذ الكفاءة المهنية لمدرس التربية الإسلامية في ترقية إنجاز التعلم لدى الطلبة بمدرسة دار الحكمة الثانوية تولونغ أغونغ عدة جوانب وهي: ١) التخطيط، ٢) إجراء استراتيجية المدرس باستخدام عدة طرق وهي المحاضرة والشرح والمناقشة والكلام والتدريب، ٣) التقييم الذي يحتوي إلى ثلاثة مجالات، وهي المجال المعرفي والعاطفي والحركي ؛ ٣) تأثير الكفاءة المهنية لمدرس التربية الإسلامية في ترقية إنجاز التعلم لدى الطلبة بمدرسة دار الحكمة الثانوية تولونغ أغونغ في شكل التأثير الذي يشعر به المعلم بعد قيام عملية التدريس من رئيس المدرسة، وهذا يجعل كافة المدرسين واع بدوره العزيز واتباع االتمرين للمدرسين، والتأثير الذي يشعر به الطلبة هو تنفيذ الاستراتيجية والطريقة التي يديرها المدرس إلى زيادة حماسة الطلبة في الفصل والتأثير على اهتمام الطلبة بالتعلم حتى تترقّى نتائج الطلبة في درس التربية الإسلامية

Pengaruh Return On Assets, Leverage, Ukuran Perusahaan, Capital Intensity Dan Kualitas Audit Terhadap Penghindaran Pajak (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Food And Beverages Yang Terdaftar Di Bei Tahun 2012-2016)

This study aims to examine the effect of return on assets, leverage, size, capital intensity and audit quality on tax avoidance. The population of this study was food and beverages companies listed on IDX in 2012 until 2016. The sample was chosen by purposive sampling method an obtained 10 companies with 50 observations. The data used was secondary data obtained from www.idx.co.id. Data was analyzed by multiple linier regression analysis with SPSS program 22 version. The results showed that audit quality has effect on tax avoidance. Unfortunately, this study failed to prove that the return on assets, leverage, size, and capital intensity affects tax avoidance. The results of determination (R) showed that variables of return on assets, leverage, size, capital intensity and audit quality on tax avoidance amounted to 25,9% while the remaining 74,1% was affected by other variables

BOL: POVIJEST, KULTURA I FILOZOFIJA

Pain, one of the universals of existence, has a long and venerable history, its origin initially attributed to godly punishment for disbelievers; and, with improved understanding, to physical and psycho-social factors. “Pain is emotion or sensation?” has been a debatable issue. Razes developed pleasure-pain theory, founded on the theories of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and Epicurus. Descartes’ Dualism shifted the centre of pain from the heart to the brain but negated the psychological contribution to its pathogenesis. Gate Control Theory, fascinated with the idea of “neurological gates”, highlighted the important role of the brain in dealing with the messages received. The International Association of the Study of Pain, in 1979, coined a definition of pain which is currently in use and was last updated on 6th October 2014. Its validity has been challenged and a new definition has been suggested. Whereas the experience is personalized, immeasurable and unsharable, different cultural groups react differently to pain from relative tolerance to over-reaction. Gender and ethnic differences in the perception of pain are well proven and the effects of various religious beliefs adequately scored. Despite extensive research over centuries, understanding of pain mechanisms is still far from optimal. Untiring efforts to identify a paincentre in the brain have been futile. Had it been possible, millions of pain sufferers would have been relieved of their physical agony and mental anguish by the prick of needle.Bol, jedna od univerzalija egzistencije, ima dugu i štovanja vrijednu prošlost, čiji se izvori mogu primarno pripisati božjoj kazni za nevjerne; i s unaprijeđenim shvaćanjem fizičkog i psihosocijalnog. “Da li je bol osjećaj ili utisak?” pitanje je za raspravu. Razes je razvio teoriju zadovoljstva-boli, na temeljima Sokratove, Platonove, Aristotelove i Epikurove teorije. Descarteov dualizam premjestio je centar boli sa srca na mozak, ali je negirao psihološki doprinos u patogenezi. Teorija ulaznih vrata (Gate Control Theory) fascinirana idejom “neuroloških ulaznih vrata” pokazala je važnu ulogu mozga u prenošenju poruka. Nepobitnost njenih pojedinih elemenata bila je dovedena u pitanje, te je predložena alternativa, nova definicija. Međutim iskustvo je osobno, nemjerljivo i nedjeljivo, različite kulturološke skupine različito reagiraju na bol: od relativne tolerancije do pretjeranih reakcija. Spolne i etničke razlike u percepciji boli jasno su dokazane, kao što su adekvatno zabilježeni učinci različitih vjerskih uvjerenja na nju. Unatoč višestoljetnim opsežnim istraživanjima, razumijevanje mehanizma boli, vrlo je udaljeno od optimalne razine

IBN SINA (AVICENA) I KORIJENI SEDAM DOKTRINA ODRŽAVANJA ZDRAVLJA

Ibn Sina, the most eminent Muslim physician, illuminative philosopher, great thinker and a versatile genius is regarded as the “Father of Early Modern Medicine” and as the “Father of Clinical Pharmacology”. The “Kitab al-Qanun fi-al-Tibb”, commonly known as the “Canon Medicinae” is the most important of his medical works and, at the same time, the most carefully preserved treasury both in original Arabic and in the initial Latin version. It is the final codification of all Greco-Arabic medical thoughts up to his time, enriched and modified with his own scientific experimentations and independent observations. It is considered “The First Textbook of Medicine on the Earth”. The “Canon” surpassed the books of Hippocrates and Galen and remained supreme for more than six centuries, in the West. Ibn Sina described “Seven Doctrines” for Preservation of Health, based on the Mudawa Salookia, in his magnum opus. The roots of these principles can be traced, to a significant extent, to Egyptian Medicine, Hebrew Medicine, Greek Medicine, Roman Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ancient Persian Medicine, Ayurvedic Medicine (Hindu Medicine) and Islamic Medicine.Avicena (Ibn Sina), najugledniji muslimanski liječnik, prosvijećeni filozof, veliki mislilac i svestrani genij, smatra se na polju medicine “ocem rane moderne medicine” i “ocem kliničke farmakologije”. Kitabal-Qanunfi-al-Tibb, općepoznat kao Canon Medicinae, najvažnije je od njegovih medicinskih djela te istovremeno najpomnije očuvana riznica i u izvornoj i u prvoj latinskoj verziji. To je konačna kodifikacija grčkoarapske medicinske misli do njegova vremena, obogaćena i dopunjena njegovim vlastitim znanstvenim ispitivanjima i neovisnim promatranjima; smatrana “prvim udžbenikom medicine na Zemlji”. Canon je nadmašio Hipokratove i Galenove knjige i ostao vrhovni autoritet na Zapadu više od šest stoljeća. Avicena je opisao “Sedam doktrina” za održavanje zdravlja u svom remek-djelu Mudawa Salookia. Korijeni tih principa mogu se naći u egipatskoj, hebrejskoj, grčkoj, rimskoj, kineskoj, staroperzijskoj, indijskoj i islamskoj medicini

IBN SINA (AVICENA) I KORIJENI SEDAM DOKTRINA ODRŽAVANJA ZDRAVLJA

Ibn Sina, the most eminent Muslim physician, illuminative philosopher, great thinker and a versatile genius is regarded as the “Father of Early Modern Medicine” and as the “Father of Clinical Pharmacology”. The “Kitab al-Qanun fi-al-Tibb”, commonly known as the “Canon Medicinae” is the most important of his medical works and, at the same time, the most carefully preserved treasury both in original Arabic and in the initial Latin version. It is the final codification of all Greco-Arabic medical thoughts up to his time, enriched and modified with his own scientific experimentations and independent observations. It is considered “The First Textbook of Medicine on the Earth”. The “Canon” surpassed the books of Hippocrates and Galen and remained supreme for more than six centuries, in the West. Ibn Sina described “Seven Doctrines” for Preservation of Health, based on the Mudawa Salookia, in his magnum opus. The roots of these principles can be traced, to a significant extent, to Egyptian Medicine, Hebrew Medicine, Greek Medicine, Roman Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ancient Persian Medicine, Ayurvedic Medicine (Hindu Medicine) and Islamic Medicine.Avicena (Ibn Sina), najugledniji muslimanski liječnik, prosvijećeni filozof, veliki mislilac i svestrani genij, smatra se na polju medicine “ocem rane moderne medicine” i “ocem kliničke farmakologije”. Kitabal-Qanunfi-al-Tibb, općepoznat kao Canon Medicinae, najvažnije je od njegovih medicinskih djela te istovremeno najpomnije očuvana riznica i u izvornoj i u prvoj latinskoj verziji. To je konačna kodifikacija grčkoarapske medicinske misli do njegova vremena, obogaćena i dopunjena njegovim vlastitim znanstvenim ispitivanjima i neovisnim promatranjima; smatrana “prvim udžbenikom medicine na Zemlji”. Canon je nadmašio Hipokratove i Galenove knjige i ostao vrhovni autoritet na Zapadu više od šest stoljeća. Avicena je opisao “Sedam doktrina” za održavanje zdravlja u svom remek-djelu Mudawa Salookia. Korijeni tih principa mogu se naći u egipatskoj, hebrejskoj, grčkoj, rimskoj, kineskoj, staroperzijskoj, indijskoj i islamskoj medicini

BOL: POVIJEST, KULTURA I FILOZOFIJA

Pain, one of the universals of existence, has a long and venerable history, its origin initially attributed to godly punishment for disbelievers; and, with improved understanding, to physical and psycho-social factors. “Pain is emotion or sensation?” has been a debatable issue. Razes developed pleasure-pain theory, founded on the theories of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and Epicurus. Descartes’ Dualism shifted the centre of pain from the heart to the brain but negated the psychological contribution to its pathogenesis. Gate Control Theory, fascinated with the idea of “neurological gates”, highlighted the important role of the brain in dealing with the messages received. The International Association of the Study of Pain, in 1979, coined a definition of pain which is currently in use and was last updated on 6th October 2014. Its validity has been challenged and a new definition has been suggested. Whereas the experience is personalized, immeasurable and unsharable, different cultural groups react differently to pain from relative tolerance to over-reaction. Gender and ethnic differences in the perception of pain are well proven and the effects of various religious beliefs adequately scored. Despite extensive research over centuries, understanding of pain mechanisms is still far from optimal. Untiring efforts to identify a paincentre in the brain have been futile. Had it been possible, millions of pain sufferers would have been relieved of their physical agony and mental anguish by the prick of needle.Bol, jedna od univerzalija egzistencije, ima dugu i štovanja vrijednu prošlost, čiji se izvori mogu primarno pripisati božjoj kazni za nevjerne; i s unaprijeđenim shvaćanjem fizičkog i psihosocijalnog. “Da li je bol osjećaj ili utisak?” pitanje je za raspravu. Razes je razvio teoriju zadovoljstva-boli, na temeljima Sokratove, Platonove, Aristotelove i Epikurove teorije. Descarteov dualizam premjestio je centar boli sa srca na mozak, ali je negirao psihološki doprinos u patogenezi. Teorija ulaznih vrata (Gate Control Theory) fascinirana idejom “neuroloških ulaznih vrata” pokazala je važnu ulogu mozga u prenošenju poruka. Nepobitnost njenih pojedinih elemenata bila je dovedena u pitanje, te je predložena alternativa, nova definicija. Međutim iskustvo je osobno, nemjerljivo i nedjeljivo, različite kulturološke skupine različito reagiraju na bol: od relativne tolerancije do pretjeranih reakcija. Spolne i etničke razlike u percepciji boli jasno su dokazane, kao što su adekvatno zabilježeni učinci različitih vjerskih uvjerenja na nju. Unatoč višestoljetnim opsežnim istraživanjima, razumijevanje mehanizma boli, vrlo je udaljeno od optimalne razine